ASSIGNMENT 8
H03 Medical Terminology
Directions: Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to
Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences,
and be sure to use correct English, spelling, and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA
format. Your response should be four (4) double-spaced pages; refer to the “Assignment
Format” page located on the Course Home page for specific format requirements.
In Lessons 5 through 8, you learned medical language associated with the urinary,
endocrine, ears and eyes, and reproductive systems. You also were introduced to
concepts of oncology, radiology, nuclear medicine, and mental health. For this written
assignment, the learning objectives from Lessons 5-8 will be applied. Please review the
learning objectives for lessons 5-8 prior to beginning work on this assignment.
In a four-page summary, address the following questions.
• Identify the components and functions of each primary organ or structure in the
urinary system and explain the flow of urine from each of the primary organs and
structures. What type of conditions can occur if any of the primary organs or
structures does not function properly?
• Explain the role that the organs or structures of the endocrine system play in an
individual who has diabetes mellitus.
• Describe the conditions under which a physician might order a mammogram for a
patient other than for a routine examination.
• Next, select a disease or complication that can occur in any of the organ systems
discussed in Lessons 5-8 (urinary, endocrine, ears, eyes, and reproductive
systems). Describe the symptoms and diagnostic procedures related to the disease
or condition.
Response should be submitted according to APA guidelines with applicable reference
page and title page.
THIS IS THE END OF ASSIGNMENT 8.
1
Course Name:Medical Terminology
Lesson 5: The Urinary and Endocrine Systems
In this lesson, you’ll study the structure, components, and
pathology of the urinary and endocrine systems of the human
body. The diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of urinary and
endocrine system disorders will also be examined.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
? Objective 1 Describe the structure and function
of the urinary system.
? Objective 2 Describe the components and
glands of the endocrine system.
? Objective 3 Summarize the diagnosis,
pathology, and treatment of urinary and endocrine
system disorders.
? Objective 4 Build, spell, and pronounce medical
words associated with the urinary and endocrine
systems.
Page:1 of 3
Course Name:Medical Terminology
Text Readings
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, Chapters 12 and 13
Additional Readings
Required Readings
Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work (https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/commonillnesses/uti.html)
Evaluation of the Diabetes Health Plan to Improve Diabetes Care and
Prevention (http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2013/12_0150.htm)
Lecture Notes
Welcome to Lesson 5. You’re about to explore the anatomy and physiology of the urinary and the endocrine
systems. You’ll gain a detailed understanding of the structure and function of these systems and learn about the
diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of diseases and disorders associated with both systems.
The male and female urinary systems consist of four major structures: a pair of kidneys, two ureters, a urinary
bladder, and a urethra. The major function of the urinary system is to remove urea and other waste products from
the bloodstream. Another important function is to maintain the proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the
body fluids.
The kidneys are about the size of a fist and are located on each side of the spinal column below the diaphragm.
The ureters are slender tubes about 10 to 12 inches long that carry urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder.
The urinary bladder is an expandable, hollow, muscular organ that serves as a reservoir for urine.
During micturition (voiding), urine is expelled from the bladder through the urethra. The urethra is a
membranous tube that extends from the bladder to the outside of the body. The male and female urethras differ
in size and function. The male urethra is longer and conveys both urine and semen; the female urethra conveys
urine only.
The endocrine system is very intriguing. Like the nervous system (but slower acting), the endocrine system
helps to regulate the body’s basic metabolic activities. In essence, the endocrine system is a chemical
transportation system, composed of endocrine glands that secrete chemical substances—called hormones—
directly into the bloodstream for transport to all parts of the body. These secretions are responsible for controlling
many processes in the body, including the following:
Reproduction
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses against stress factors
Electrolyte maintenance
Rate of oxygen consumption
Maintenance of water and nutrient balance in the blood
Energy level
Cellular metabolism
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Course Name:Medical Terminology
The release of some hormones by the endocrine glands is controlled by nerve stimulation. Have you ever
noticed that when you’re called upon to do something out of the ordinary, perhaps public speaking or going for a
job interview, that you start sweating beforehand? That’s a prime example of nerve stimulation. Other hormones
are secreted in response to the level of a particular substance in the bloodstream.
As you study the endocrine system, you’ll also gain new insight into how the levels of various hormones in our
body make us feel the way we do at certain times. I know you’ll find this information intriguing.
There are essentially two types of medical specialists commonly linked with aspects of the urinary system—
urologists and nephrologists (kidney specialists). Endocrinologists are physicians who specialize in the
treatment of disorders and diseases associated with metabolism, diabetes, and the endocrine system in general.
Give this lesson your best effort, and you’ll be rewarded with an expanded scope of knowledge of anatomy and
medical terminology.
PowerPoint Lecture Notes
Use the lecture notes available in PowerPoint as you study this chapter by CLICKING THE LINK BELOW.
These notes will help you identify main concepts and ideas presented in this chapter.
If you do not have PowerPoint on your computer, you can download a free viewer from Microsoft by clicking
here (http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=048dc840-14e1-467d-8dca19d2a8fd7485&DisplayLang=en).
Chapter 12 (https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/9068-H03V_20_1/_course-systemfiles/Lesson_05/../../V5/PowerPoints/H03F%20PP%20Chapter%2012.pptx)
Chapter 13 (https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/9068-H03V_20_1/_course-systemfiles/Lesson_05/../../V5/PowerPoints/H03F%20PP%20Chapter%2013.pptx)
Page:3 of 3
Course Name:Medical Terminology
Lesson 6: Ears and Eyes
In this lesson, you will study the structure, components, and
pathology of the eyes and ears of the human body.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
? Objective 1 Describe the anatomical structures
and actions of the ears and eyes.
? Objective 2 Examine treatments of disorders of
the ears and eyes.
? Objective 3 Describe the diagnoses and
laboratory tests related to the ears and eyes.
? Objective 4 Build, spell, and pronounce medical
words associated with the ears and eyes.
Page:1 of 3
Course Name:Medical Terminology
Text Readings
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, Chapters 15 and 16
Additional Readings
Required Readings
Vision Health Initiative (VHI): Eye Health
Tips (http://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/basic_information/eye_health_tips.htm)
Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/)
Lecture Notes
Welcome to Lesson 6. Your dedication to this course of study has been truly admirable. Maintain your study
schedule. You’re making excellent progress!
The body systems you have studied in recent lessons are mostly hidden from view, and therefore can seem
remote or even mysterious. The nose was an exception, of course. These body parts do what they’re supposed
to do, day after day, and we don’t give them much thought unless something goes wrong. Then, we do think
about them—a lot, if the problem is serious.
The eyes and ears fall into a different category of our awareness. All we have to do is look in a mirror and we can
see if our eyes are bright and shiny or bloodshot. Our ears—at least the exterior parts—are right there for us to
examine. We never question the status of our livers, but we judge our ears every time we look at them. Are they
too big? Too small? Just right? We can even stick our fingers in them, if we want to—but we shouldn’t. Humans
have five special senses that keep us in tune with what’s happening in the outside world: touch, taste, smell,
sight, and hearing. As you study your reading assignment, you’ll learn about the anatomy and physiology of your
ears and eyes.
The ear is divided into three major parts: outer, middle, and inner. The components of the outer and middle ear
are responsible for hearing only, whereas the inner ear plays a role in both balance and hearing. The outer
ear consists of the pinna and the external auditory canal. The middle ear contains the eardrum, auditory
ossicles, Eustachian tube, and oval window. Sound waves enter the ear though the pinna, travel through the
auditory canal, and strike the eardrum. As the eardrum vibrates, it moves the ossicles, which conduct sound
waves through the middle ear, sending sound vibrations to the inner ear via the oval window. Structures of
the inner ear receive the sound waves and relay them to the brain, which interprets the sound. Again, balance is
maintained by the inner ear. Among the inner ear structures are three semicircular canals that contain a liquid
called endolymphand sensitive hairlike cells. The bending of these cells in response to head movement sets up
in nerve fibers impulses that are transmitted to the brain. The brain then sends messages to the muscles in all
parts of the body to ensure balance. Now, let’s introduce the structure of the eye.
The eyeball is a hollow, globe-shaped structure composed of three layers: the sclera, the choroid, and the
retina. The sclera (the white of the eye) maintains the shape of the eyeball and serves as a protective coating for
the inner tissue. Its central anterior portion is the cornea. The choroid (middle layer of the eyeball) is a vascular
structure that provides the blood supply for the entire eye. The opening in the front of the choroid is the pupil.
The colored muscular layer surrounding the pupil is the iris. Two sets of muscles within the iris control the
amount of light permitted to enter the eye. The amount of light that enters the eye is controlled by changing the
size of the pupil. The lens, which serves as the main focusing component, is located behind the iris and pupil.
Light entering the eye is focused on the retina by the lens. The retina, the innermost layer of the eye, contains
light-sensitive cells that initiate nerve impulses to the brain via the optic nerve. Simply put, the eye functions like
a camera. Light enters the eye through a small opening, the cornea; passes through the lens; and is focused to a
photoreceptive surface (the retina). The image is sent to the brain, which interprets it as sight.
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Course Name:Medical Terminology
Some remarkable advances have been made, as a result of clinical research, in surgical procedures to correct
disorders affecting human sight and hearing. Otolaryngologists are physicians who have trained in both medical
and surgical treatment of the ears, nose, and throat (often referred to as an ENT specialist). An audiologist is an
allied health provider who has completed specialty training, typically a master of science or doctor of philosophy
(Ph.D.) program, in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing disorders.
An ophthalmologist is a medical specialist who is trained in both medical and surgical treatment of the eye(s).
This individual can be a doctor of medicine (M.D.) or a doctor of osteopathic medicine (D.O.). An optometrist has
completed a doctor of optometry (O.D.) program and can diagnose and treat disorders and diseases of the
eye(s). However, unlike the ophthalmologist, the optometrist is neither trained nor qualified to perform surgical
procedures on the eye. It can be easy to confuse the D.O. and O.D. credentials. The opticianis an allied health
professional who is trained and qualified to measure, fit, and dispense prescription glasses and contact lenses.
By now, you should be able to see (with your mind’s eye) a dim light at the end of the tunnel. That speck of light
is the completion of this course. Upon successful completion of this lesson, you have only two more lessons to
complete. So, renew your energy to run toward that light. Before you know it, your associate degree will be in
your possession, and ready to be framed and hung on your wall.
PowerPoint Lecture Notes
Use the lecture notes available in PowerPoint as you study this chapter by CLICKING THE LINK BELOW.
These notes will help you identify main concepts and ideas presented in this chapter.
If you do not have PowerPoint on your computer, you can download a free viewer from Microsoft by clicking
here (http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=048dc840-14e1-467d-8dca19d2a8fd7485&DisplayLang=en).
Chapter 15 (https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/9068-H03V_20_1/_course-systemfiles/Lesson_06/../../V5/PowerPoints/H03F%20PP%20Chapter%2015.pptx)
Chapter 16 (https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/9068-H03V_20_1/_course-systemfiles/Lesson_06/../../V5/PowerPoints/H03F%20PP%20Chapter%2016.pptx)
Page:3 of 3
Course Name:Medical Terminology
Lesson 7: Male and Female Reproductive
Systems
In this lesson, you’ll be introduced to the structure, components,
and pathology of the male and female reproductive systems.
Focus will include the diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of
female and male reproductive system disorders.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
? Objective 1 Describe the components,
structures, and functions of the female and male
reproductive systems.
? Objective 2 Explain the diagnosis, pathology,
and treatment of female and male reproductive
system disorders.
? Objective 3 Build, spell, and pronounce medical
words associated with the male and female
reproductive systems.
Page:1 of 3
Course Name:Medical Terminology
Text Readings
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, Chapters 17 and 18
Additional Readings
Required Readings
Reproductive Health: Maternal and Infant Health (http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/)
Reproductive Health: Data and Statistics (http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/data_stats/)
Lecture Notes
Welcome to Lesson 7. You’re rapidly approaching the conclusion of this course. I applaud your dedication and
perseverance. You’ve mastered some truly challenging material in the course of your study of human anatomy
and related terminology. And, you have every right to be proud of yourself and to feel quite positive about your
future. Keep up the solid effort right to the finish of Lesson 8!
The reading assignment for this lesson details the anatomy and physiology of the female and male reproductive
systems. As you’ve learned so far, the broad purpose of most systems in the human body is to maintain the wellbeing of the individual. The male and female reproductive systems are different in that they don’t fit into the
“maintenance” category. Theirs is a unique shared function—the production of offspring. The female reproductive
system is more complex than the male’s. In addition to producing ova, the female system nurtures a
developing fetus during pregnancy. In females, ovaries are the primary reproductive organs, producing both ova
and various hormones. All the other components are there to meet the needs of the reproductive cells or the
developing fetus.
The primary reproductive organs of the male are the testes, which produce both sperm and hormones. All other
male reproductive components act as an aid in delivering sperm to the female reproductive tract. The testes in
the male and the ovaries in the female secrete hormones that play vital roles in the development and function of
the reproductive organs. In addition, they influence the growth and development of many other organs and
tissues of the body.
An amazing fact about the female and male reproductive systems is the level of ignorance most people have
about their nature and function. Not only will this lesson add to your growing bank of medical terms, it may help
you understand your own body better and the reproductive functions of the opposite sex. What is missing, of
course—because it is beyond the scope of this course—is the vast social and psychological dimension of human
reproduction. For most people, understanding this mystery is the work of a lifetime.
A woman requiring the services of a physician specializing in the female reproductive system would seek out the
services of a gynecologist. A pregnant woman would visit an obstetrician to receive specific medical care and
treatment during this exceptional period of her life. A woman who wishes to become pregnant but is experiencing
some physiological problem with this process may benefit from the services provided by a physician specializing
in reproductive endocrinology. A urologist would provide specialty medical care to a male in need of diagnosis,
care, and treatment of his reproductive system.
With this lesson, you’re concluding your study of the systems of the human body. Your final lesson will take you
into the medical sciences that battle one of the great threats to the life and well-being of humans—cancer.
PowerPoint Lecture Notes
Use the lecture notes available in PowerPoint as you study this chapter by CLICKING THE LINK BELOW.
These notes will help you identify main concepts and ideas presented in this chapter.
Page:2 of 3
Course Name:Medical Terminology
If you do not have PowerPoint on your computer, you can download a free viewer from Microsoft by clicking
here (http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=048dc840-14e1-467d-8dca19d2a8fd7485&DisplayLang=en).
Chapter 17 (https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/9068-H03V_20_1/_course-systemfiles/Lesson_07/../../V5/PowerPoints/H03F%20PP%20Chapter%2017.pptx)
Chapter 18 (https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/9068-H03V_20_1/_course-systemfiles/Lesson_07/../../V5/PowerPoints/H03F%20PP%20Chapter%2018.pptx)
Page:3 of 3
Course Name:Medical Terminology
Lesson 8: Oncology, Radiology, Nuclear
Medicine, and Mental Health
This lesson presents information on cancer and its diagnosis and
treatment. You’ll also learn about various diagnostic procedures,
laboratory tests, and imaging techniques that are used to identify
a variety of conditions affecting the human body. The lesson
ends with an overview of mental health, including examination of
mental health disorders and treatments.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
? Objective 1 Define cancer and discuss the
methods used in diagnosing cancer and
recommended cancer prevention methods.
? Objective 2 Describe the basic diagnostic
procedures, laboratory tests, and imaging
techniques associated with oncology, radiology,
and nuclear medicine.
? Objective 3 Build, spell, and pronounce medical
words associated with oncology, radiology, and
nuclear medicine.
? Objective 4 Discuss mental health and identify
mental health disorders and treatments.
? Objective 5 Build, spell, and pronounce medical
words associated with mental health.
Page:1 of 4
Course Name:Medical Terminology
Text Readings
Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, Chapters 19, 20 and 21
Additional Readings
Required Readings
Application of the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses to Digital Chest
Radiographic Images (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-139/)
Cancer Prevention and Control (http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/)
What Is Mental Health? (https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health/)
Lecture Notes
Welcome to Lesson 8—the final lesson in this course! What an amazing journey it has been, as you’ve explored
the medical terminology associated with a wide array of the visible and microscopic structures of the human
body. You now have a medical vocabulary that will serve as a solid foundation as you explore career
opportunities in the healthcare field.
As you study this lesson, you’ll gain a better understanding of cancer, as a disease state, and its various
classifications and stages. Included will be explanations of breast cancer, Hodgkin’s disease, leukemia, and
testicular cancer. You’ll also learn about the mechanical and pharmacological tools modern medicine has
developed in its ongoing war against all forms of this life-threatening disease. Perhaps most important, you’ll
learn how a healthy lifestyle and avoidance of occupational hazards can lessen the likelihood that cancer will
affect your body.
The second part of Lesson 8 takes you through the various examination techniques and diagnostic tests used to
confirm or rule out certain disorders or diseases of the human body. You’ll learn more general medical terms, too.
You may be familiar with some of these terms already, such as acute, chronic, latent, and remission, to name a
few. Radiology, or x-ray, is something you might have experienced at some time. Other diagnostic imaging
technologies you may have heard of only in newspaper and magazine articles, since they’re more specific in
nature. For example, it’s common to read about injured athletes undergoing an MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging) exam to identify the location and magnitude of an injury. This lesson will provide you with invaluable
information about radiography in general, including the possible risks of contrast medium, the preparations
required for certain types of radiologic examinations, and much more.
Radiologists are the physicians who specialize in the diagnosis of disease processes through the interpretation
of medical images (x-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, etc.). Radiologists work with other physicians and allied health
professionals in the development of treatment plans, as well as in the delivery of radiation therapy for the
treatment of cancer. The oncologist is the medical specialist who provides diagnosis and treatment to patients
with cancerous tumors. There are several subspecialties within oncology, such as gynecological oncology,
radiation oncology, pediatric oncology, and surgical oncology, just to name a few.
The final section of Lesson 8 covers mental health disorders and treatments. Mental health is a broad term that
covers many different mental illnesses and disorders. Mental health issues can be due to brain chemistry or a
genetic family history. They may also arise from traumatic experiences such as abuse or military combat.
This lesson will also cover treatments available for mental health. As your textbook discusses, the basic forms of
treatment for mental health disorders are drug therapy, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy. Drug
therapy treats mental disorders through prescription drugs. For example, depression is commonly treated with
Page:2 of 4
Course Name:Medical Terminology
drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs. Examples of SSRIs are drugs like Zoloft,
Lexapro, and Prozac. Within the mental health section, you’ll learn more about drug therapy and other
treatments for mental health.
As you move forward with this final lesson, I want to commend you on your determination to persevere in this
program and to achieve the success you dreamed about when you began your studies. You’ve shown me that
you have what it takes to set your sights on a goal and to put forth the effort to achieve the desired results.
These qualities will serve you well in your future career. I feel privileged to have been your guide through this
process and to have played a small role in your success. Be proud of your accomplishment. I wish you the best
of luck with your future studies and endeavors!
PowerPoint Lecture Notes
Use the lecture notes available in PowerPoint as you study this chapter by CLICKING THE LINK BELOW.
These notes will help you identify main concepts and ideas presented in this chapter.
If you do not have PowerPoint on your computer, you can download a free viewer from Microsoft by clicking
here (http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=048dc840-14e1-467d-8dca19d2a8fd7485&DisplayLang=en).
Chapter 19 (https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/9068-H03V_20_1/_course-systemfiles/Lesson_08/../../V5/PowerPoints/H03F%20PP%20Chapter%2019.pptx)
Chapter 20 (https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/9068-H03V_20_1/_course-systemfiles/Lesson_08/../../V5/PowerPoints/H03F%20PP%20Chapter%2020.pptx)
Chapter 21 (https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/9068-H03V_20_1/_course-systemfiles/Lesson_08/../../V5/PowerPoints/H03F%20PP%20Chapter%2021.pptx)
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Course Name:Medical Terminology
[08] Assignment 8
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