Question1.Question : Continued therapy of pernicious anemia (PA) generally lasts how long?6 to 8 weeks8 to 12 monthsUntil the iron level is normalThe rest of one’s lifeQuestion 2.: What pulmonary defense mechanism propels a mucous blanket that entraps particles moving toward the oropharynx?Nasal turbinatesAlveolar macrophagesCiliaIrritant receptors on the naresQuestion 3.: The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulins?IgEIgGIgMT cellsQuestion 4.: Which of the following describes how the body compensates for anemia?Increasing rate and depth of breathingDecreasing capillary vasoconstrictionHemoglobin holding more firmly onto oxygenKidneys releasing more erythropoietinQuestion 5.: Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than the rate of output of lean adults.The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.Question 6.: Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response?NorepinephrineEpinephrineCortisolAdrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)Question 7.: What is the treatment of choice for pernicious anemia (PA)?Cyanocobalamin by oral intakeVitamin B12 by injectionFerrous fumarate by Z-track injectionFolate by oral intakeQuestion 8.: Which sexually transmitted infection frequently coexists with gonorrhea?SyphilisHerpes simplex virusChlamydiaChancroidQuestion 9.: During an infection, why do lymph nodes enlarge and become tender?B lymphocytes proliferate.The nodes are inflamed.The nodes fill with purulent exudate.The nodes are not properly functioning.Question 10.: Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?HypokalemiaHyperkalemiaHypocalcemiaHypercalcemiaQuestion 11.: What is the suggested mean blood pressure for an 8- to 9-year-old child?104/55 mm Hg106/58 mm Hg112/62 mm Hg121/70 mm HgQuestion 12.: Stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes the secretion of:Epinephrine and aldosteroneNorepinephrine and cortisolEpinephrine and norepinephrineAcetylcholine and cortisolQuestion 13.: Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by what type of infection?Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)InfluenzavirusAdenovirusesRhinovirusQuestion 14.: What is the function of erythrocytes?Tissue oxygenationHemostasisInfection controlAllergy responseQuestion 15.: The tonic neck reflex observed in a newborn should no longer be obtainable by:2 years1 year10 months5 monthsQuestion 16.Where are Kupffer cells located?KidneysLiverPancreasSpleenQuestion 17.Stress-induced norepinephrine results in:Pupil constrictionPeripheral vasoconstrictionIncreased sweat gland secretionsDecreased blood pressureQuestion 18.Which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system?Decreased flow resistanceFewer alveoliStiffening of the chest wallImproved elastic recoilQuestion 19.Which statement accurately describes childhood asthma?An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammationA pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray imagingA pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferensAn obstructive airway disease characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiencyQuestion 20.In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells?Thymus glandRegional lymph nodesBone marrowSpleenQuestion 21.Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against the host DNA is the cause of which disease?Hemolytic anemiaPernicious anemiaSystemic lupus erythematosusMyasthenia gravisQuestion 22.Where are Langerhans cells found?SkinIntestinal liningKidneyThyroidQuestion 23.What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment?NauseaFatigueHair lossWeight lossQuestion 24.Cystic fibrosis is caused by which process?Autosomal recessive inheritanceAutosomal dominant inheritanceInfectionMalignancyQuestion 25.What is the primary cause of the symptoms of polycythemia vera?Decreased erythrocyte countDestruction of erythrocytesIncreased blood viscosityNeurologic involvementQuestion 26.What term is used to describe a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst that contains meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord through a defect in a posterior arch of a vertebra?EncephaloceleMeningoceleSpina bifida occultaMyelomeningoceleQuestion 27.How is the effectiveness of vitamin B12 therapy measured?Reticulocyte countSerum transferringHemoglobinSerum vitamin B12Question 28.The ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host is referred to as:InfectivityToxigenicityPathogenicityVirulenceQuestion 29.Which is an example of an endogenous antigen?YeastCancer cellsBacteriaFungusQuestion 30.Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions?IgAIgEIgGIgMQuestion 31.Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation process?NeutrophilsMonocytesEosinophilsErythrocytesQuestion 32.Which renal change is found in older adults?Sharp decline in glomerular filtration rateSharp decline in renal blood flowDecrease in the number of nephronsDecrease in urine outputQuestion 33.A hypersensitivity reaction that produces an allergic response is called:Hemolytic shockAnaphylaxisNecrotizing vasculitisSystemic erythematosusQuestion 34.What period follows depolarization of the myocardium and represents a period during which no new cardiac potential can be propagated?RefractoryHyperpolarizationThresholdSinoatrial (SA)Question 35.What is the most common predisposing factor to obstructive sleep apnea in children?Chronic respiratory infectionsAdenotonsillar hypertrophyObligatory mouth breathingParadoxic breathingQuestion 36.Kidney stones in the upper part of the ureter would produce pain referred to which anatomical area?Vulva or penisUmbilicusThighsLower abdomenQuestion 37.Aspiration is most likely to occur in the right mainstem bronchus because it:Extends vertically from the trachea.Is narrower than the left mainstem bronchus.Comes into contact with food and drink first.Is located at the site where the bronchi bifurcate.Question 38.Blood cells that differentiate into macrophages are known as:MonocytesNeutrophilsEosinophilsBasophilsQuestion 39.What characteristic do atopic individuals have that make them genetically predisposed to develop allergies?Greater quantities of histamineMore histamine receptorsGreater quantities of IgEA deficiency in epinephrineQuestion 40.Pressure in the left ventricle must exceed pressure in which structure before the left ventricle can eject blood?Superior vena cavaAortaInferior vena cavaPulmonary veinsQuestion 41.How does chest wall compliance in an infant differ from that of an adult?An adult’s chest wall compliance is lower than an infant’s.An adult’s chest wall compliance is higher than an infant’s.An adult’s chest wall compliance is the same as an infant’s.An adult’s chest wall compliance is dissimilar to that of an infant’s.Question 42.In a full-term infant, the normal erythrocyte life span is _____ days, whereas the adult erythrocyte life span is _____ days.30 to 50; 8060 to 80; 12090 to 110; 140120 to 130; 150Question 43.Which type of microorganism reproduces on the skin?VirusesBacteria and fungiProtozoa and RickettsiaeMycoplasmaQuestion 44.An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) would likely exhibit which symptom?Intermittent murmurLack of symptomsNeed for surgical repairTriad of congenital defectsQuestion 45.Oxygenated blood flows through which vessel?Superior vena cavaPulmonary veinsPulmonary arteryCoronary veinsQuestion 46.: Why is the herpes virus inaccessible to antibodies after the initial infection?The virus does not circulate in the blood.It does not have antibody receptors.It resists agglutination.The virus is a soluble antigen.Question 47.What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?Passive-acquired immunityActive-acquired immunityPassive-innate immunityActive-innate immunityQuestion 48.The concentration of the final urine is determined by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is secreted by which gland?Posterior pituitaryThyroidParathyroidAnterior pituitaryQuestion 49.Exhaustion occurs if stress continues when which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is notsuccessful?Flight or fightAlarmAdaptationArousalQuestion 50.When the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, what reaction occurs?T-cell immunityAlloimmunityFetal immunityAutoimmunityQuestion 51.Which bones are affected in Legg-Calv??-Perthes disease?Heads of the femurDistal femursHeads of the humerusDistal tibiasQuestion 52.What is the basic structural unit in compact bone?Small channels called canaliculiOsteocytes within the lacunaeTiny spaces within the lacunaeHaversian systemQuestion 53.Which type of fracture usually occurs in an individual who engages in a new activity that is strenuous and repetitive?StressGreenstickInsufficiencyPathologicQuestion 54.Antipsychotic drugs block which neurotransmitter receptor?NorepinephrineGamma-aminobutyric acidSerotoninDopamineQuestion 55.Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle?Sodium intakePhysical inactivityPsychosocial stressObesityQuestion 56.: Where is oxytocin synthesized?HypothalamusParaventricular nucleiAnterior pituitaryPosterior pituitaryQuestion 57.An insufficient dietary intake of which vitamin can lead to rickets in children?CB12B6DQuestion 58.When insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the muscle cells is the result.This is an example of what type of effect by a hormone?PharmacologicPermissiveSynergisticDirectQuestion 59.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate.This is an example of:Positive feedbackNegative feedbackNeural regulationPhysiologic regulationQuestion 60.At 2 or 3 weeks of age, an infant who has been well fed and has gained weight begins to vomit for no apparent reason.The vomiting gradually becomes more forceful.These symptoms may be indicative of which disorder?Esophageal atresiaCongenital aganglionic megacolonPyloric stenosisGalactosemiaQuestion 61.Neurofibrillary tangles characterize which neurologic disorder?Dementia syndromeDeliriumAlzheimer diseaseParkinson diseaseQuestion 62.What is the target tissue for prolactin-releasing factor?HypothalamusAnterior pituitaryMammary glandsPosterior pituitaryQuestion 63.A child with which genetic disorder has a characteristic cry?Down syndromeKlinefelter syndromeTurner syndromeCri du chatQuestion 64.Which structure attaches skeletal muscle to bone?TendonLigamentBursaMesenteryQuestion 65.Which condition poses the highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?Insulin-resistant diabetes mellitusHypertensionPolycythemiaSmokingQuestion 66.Which type of diarrhea results from lactose intolerance?SecretoryMotilityOsmoticSmall volumeQuestion 67.The most critical aspect in correctly diagnosing a seizure disorder and establishing its cause is:Computed tomographic (CT) scanCerebrospinal fluid analysisSkull x-ray studiesHealth historyQuestion 68.Which medical diagnosis is characterized by tissue degeneration or irritation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon?Lateral epicondylitisMedial tendinitisBursitisLateral tendinitisQuestion 69.Which change is a result of puberty and defends the vagina from infection?The pH stabilizes between 7 and 8.A thin squamous epithelial lining develops.Vaginal pH becomes more acidic.Estrogen levels are low.Question 70.The number of persons living with a specific disease at a specific point in time is referred to by which term?RelativitySurvivabilityPrevalenceIncidenceQuestion 71.: Which hormone is involved in the regulation of serum calcium levels?Parathyroid hormone (PTH)Thyroxine (T4)Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)Triiodothyronine (T3)Question 72.: The secretion of adrenocorticotropic-stimulating hormone (ACTH) will result in the increased level of which hormone?ThyroxineInsulinCortisol.Antidiuretic hormoneQuestion 73.: What happens to the vagina’s lining at puberty?It becomes thinner.It becomes thicker.It assumes a neutral pH.It undergoes atrophy.Question 74.: In 95% of children of delayed puberty, the problem is caused by:Disruption in the hypothalamusDisruption of the pituitaryDeficit in estrogen or testosteronePhysiologic hormonal delaysQuestion 75.: Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent when raised by nonalcoholic parents have what amount of an increased risk of developing alcoholism?TwofoldThreefoldFourfoldTenfoldQuestion 76.: What directly causes ovulation during the menstrual cycle?Gradual decrease in estrogen levelsSudden increase of LHSharp rise in progesterone levelsGradual increase in estrogen levelsQuestion 77.: The major sleep center is located in which section of the brain?ThalamusBrainstemFrontal lobeHypothalamusQuestion 78.: What is the second most commonly recognized genetic cause of mental retardation?Down syndromeFragile X syndromeKlinefelter syndromeTurner syndromeQuestion 79.: Which person is at the greatest risk for developing delirium?An individual with diabetes celebrating a 70th birthdayA depressed Hispanic womanAn individual on the second day after hip replacementA man diagnosed with schizophreniaQuestion 80.: Which hormone triggers uterine contractions?ThyroxineOxytocinGrowth hormoneInsulinQuestion 81.Question : What is the risk for the recurrence of autosomal dominant diseases?10%30%50%70%Question 82.: A person with 47, XXY karyotype has the genetic disorder resulting in which syndrome?TurnerKlinefelterDownFragile XQuestion 83.: The failure of bones to ossify, resulting in soft bones and skeletal deformity, characterizes which disorder?Osteogenesis imperfectaRicketsOsteochondrosisLegg-Calv??-Perthes diseaseQuestion 84.: What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes?Increases serum calcium.Decreases serum calcium.Decreases serum magnesium.Increases serum magnesium.Question 85.: What term is used to identify an interlacing bundle of dense, white fibrous tissue that is richly supplied with nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels?ProcallusJoint capsuleHematomaElastin fibersQuestion 86.: Where is the usual site of cervical dysplasia or cancer in situ?Squamous epithelium of the cervix meets the cuboidal epithelium of the vagina.Columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the uterus.Squamous epithelium of the cervix meets the columnar epithelium of the uterus.Columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the vagina.Question 87.: What is the most common malignant bone tumor diagnosed during childhood?ChondrosarcomaFibrosarcomaEwing SarcomaOsteosarcomaQuestion 88.Question : Obesity acts as an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus by:Reducing the amount of insulin the pancreas producesIncreasing the resistance to insulin by cellsObstructing the outflow of insulin from the pancreasStimulating the liver to increase glucose productionQuestion 89.What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?Diet high in saturated fatsIncreased production of cholesterol by the liverReduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surfacesAbnormal function of lipoprotein receptors circulating in the bloodQuestion 90.How do the clinical manifestations and onset of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) differ from those of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults?JRA begins insidiously with systemic signs of inflammation.JRA predominantly affects large joints.JRA has more severe joint pain than adult RA.JRA has a rapid onset of generalized aches as the first symptom.Question 91.Question : Which clinical manifestations are associated with fibromyalgia?Hot, tender, and edematous muscle groups bilaterallyFasciculations of the upper and lower extremity musclesExercise intolerance and painful muscle crampsSensitivity at tender points and profound fatigueQuestion 92.Question : Parkinson disease is a degenerative disorder of the brain’s:HypothalamusAnterior pituitaryFrontal lobeBasal gangliaQuestion 93.Open-angle glaucoma occurs because of:Decreased production of aqueous humorIncreased production of vitreous humorObstructed outflow of aqueous humorExcessive destruction of vitreous humorQuestion 94.Question : A complex partial seizure is described as:Alternating of tonic and clonic movementsImpairment of both consciousness and the ability to react to exogenous stimuliFocal motor movement without loss of consciousnessOne seizure followed by another in less than 1 minuteQuestion 95.Why is prolonged diarrhea more severe in children than it is in adults?Less water is absorbed from the colon in children.Fluid reserves are smaller in children.Children have a higher fluid volume intake.Children have diarrhea more often than adults.Question 96.Question : What is the blood type of a person who is heterozygous, having A and B alleles as codominant?ABOABQuestion 97.Question : The mucosal secretions of the cervix secrete which immunoglobulin?IgAIgEIgGIgMQuestion 98.Question : Which clinical manifestations would be expected for a child who has complete trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome?Widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hairAn IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low-set earsHigh-pitched voice, tall stature, gynecomastia, and an IQ of 60 to 90Circumoral cyanosis, edema of the feet, short stature, and mental slownessQuestion 99.Dilation of the ipsilateral pupil, following uncal herniation, is the result of pressure on which cranial nerve (CN)?Optic (CN I)Abducens (CN VI)Oculomotor (CN III)Trochlear (CN IV)Question 100.Question : A criterion for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a period of excessive worrying that lasts for at least how many months?36912