Class Book:Title: Theories of Psychotherapy & Counseling: Concepts and CasesAuthor: Richard SharfPublisher: Cengage LearningEdition: 6thISBN Code: 9781305087323ISBN Code 2: 9781305087323In narrative therapy, reshaping personal stories and identity is seen as central to the therapeutic process. Discuss how reconstructing narratives can help individuals reshape their outlook on life and self-identity, and for what types of psychological challenges might this approach be particularly effective?
Theories of Psychotherapy and
Counseling: Concepts
and Cases
6th Edition
Richard S. Sharf
Chapter 11
Reality Therapy
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Reality Therapy: Influences
and Development of William Glasser
•Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering – 1944
•Completion of medical school – 1953
•Training with G. L. Harrington
•Consulting psychiatrist at state institution for delinquent girls – 1956
•Work with chronic and regressed hospitalized patients (Harrington) –1962
Books:
Reality Therapy – 1965
Schools Without Failure – 1969
Control Theory: A New Explanation of How We Control Our Lives – 1981
Choice Theory: A New Psychology of Personal Freedom – 1998
Counseling with Choice Therapy – 2000
Every Student can Succeed 2000
Getting Together and Staying Together – 2000
Warning Psychiatry can be Dangerous to Your Health – 2003
Eight Lessons for a Happier Marriage-2007
Taking Charge of Your Life-2011
Slide 1 Chapter 11
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Choice Theory
Focus on pictures of reality (perceptions) rather
than on reality itself
Needs
Choice Theory
Total Behavior
Belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun
Make choices to
satisfy one’s needs.
Choice
Action
Doing*
Thinking*
Feeling
Physiology
*Key to change
Slide 2 Chapter 11
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Why Choose to Depress
or to Anxietize?
Keep angering under control
To get others to help you
To excuse your unwillingness to do something more effective
To gain control over others
Slide 3 Chapter 11
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All rights reserved.
Goals of Reality Therapy
Meet needs for
belonging
Clients determine wants
Counselors determine how
behaviors
power
freedom
fun
doing
thinking
feeling
in responsible and
satisfying ways
physiology
are helping clients
realize their wants
Slide 4 Chapter 11
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Assessment in Reality Therapy
Ask clients what they want, to determine
Doing
Thinking
Feeling
Physiology
Listen for choices that clients make
Assess how clients’ needs are being met
Slide 5 Chapter 11
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Wubbolding’s WDEP Model of
Reality Therapy
WDEP- Exploring WANTS- What do you want?
WDEP- Exploring DIRECTION and DOING- Take control
through doing
WDEP- Exploring EVALUATION- Make value judgments
about behavior
WDEP- PLANNING for change- Do specific behaviors
Slide 6 Chapter 11
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
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Counseling Relationship
Issues in Reality Therapy
Don’t accept excuses from the client
Don’t criticize or punish the client
Don’t give up on the client
Slide 7 Chapter 11
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Common Reality Therapy
Strategies
Questions serve to
enter the client’s world
gather information
give information
help clients take control over their lives
Use when appropriate:
Metaphors
using the client’s language
Humor
fits with relationship development
Confrontation don’t accept excuses or give up on the client
Paradoxical techniques reframing and perception
Be positive with the client
Slide 8 Chapter 11
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
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Psychological Disorders:
Examples of Reality Therapy
Disorder
Therapist
Patient
Bulimia
Geronilla
Gloria
Drug abuse
Abbott
Janet
Depression
Glasser
Teresa
Anxiety
Glasser
Randy
Slide 9 Chapter 11
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All rights reserved.
Current Trends in
Reality Therapy
Quality of practitioners
Training
Certification
William Glasser International (formerly the William
Glasser Institute)
Slide 10 Chapter 11
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
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Gender Issues in
Reality Therapy
Focus on therapeutic relationship
Accept client values – gender and other
Power of women to control their lives and meet basic needs
Focus on power can appeal to men to control their lives
Emphasis on productivity and planning can appeal to men
Slide 11 Chapter 11
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Multicultural Issues and
Reality Therapy
Criticism of reality therapy Does not consider discrimination and racism
Positive features of reality therapy Respects cultural differences
Choices made within value systems
Examine the effect of plans on others in the family and cultural
group
Slide 12 Chapter 11
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Theories of Psychotherapy and
Counseling: Concepts
and Cases
6th Edition
Richard S. Sharf
Chapter 12
Constructivist Approaches
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Constructivist Theories
Solution – focused
Narrative
Slide 1 Chapter 12
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
History of Constructivist
Theories
Epictetus
Kant
Vaihinger
Korzybiski
Piaget
Kelly
Erickson
Bateson
Mental Research Institute
Slide 2 Chapter 12
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
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Recent Contributors to
Constructivist Approaches
Solution-Focused Therapy
Steve de Shazer
Insoo Kim Berg
Narrative Therapy
Michael White
David Epston
Slide 3 Chapter 12
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
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Solution-Focused Therapy:
Concepts and Goals
Basic Concepts:
Social constructivist approach
Focus on solutions rather than
development of problem
Goals:
Clear
Specific
Small
Feedback on progress towards goals
Slide 4 Chapter 12
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Solution Focused Theory:
Techniques
•Forming a
collaborative
relationship
•Scaling questions
•Complimenting
•Exception- seeking
questions
•Pre-therapy change
•Coping questions
•Assessing
motivation
•Formula first
session task
•“The message”
•The miracle question
Slide 5 Chapter 12
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Narrative Therapies
•Setting- When and where the story takes place
•Characterization- The people in the story.
The client is often the protagonist and narrator
•Plot- The action in the story. Plots have several episodes
•Themes- The meanings the story has for the client
Slide 6 Chapter 12
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Epston and White’s Narrative
Therapy: Concepts
Basic Concepts
Social constructivist approach
Stories of peoples lives – Influences
cultural
economic
political
social
Narrative empathy – understanding themes and
meanings in stories
Slide 7 Chapter 12
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Epston and White’s
Narrative Therapy: Goals
Positive versus problem-saturated stories
Positive alternatives
Slide 8 Chapter 12
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
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Epston and White’s
Narrative Theory: Techniques
•Externalizing the problem- Making the problem the opponent
•Unique outcomes- Thoughts, feelings, or actions that occur
when the problem starts to dissolve.
•Alternative narratives- Exploring strengths, abilities , and
aspirations to tell a positive story
•Positive narrative- Client stories about what is going well
•Questions about the future- Looking into the future at
potentially positive stories
•Support for client stories- Using letters, web pages,
certificates, and other people to help the client
maintain changes
Slide 9 Chapter 12
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
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Current Trends:
Solution-Focused Therapy
Used in settings where sessions need to be
limited
Used frequently in social work and guidance
counseling settings
Slide 10 Chapter 12
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
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Current Trends:
Narrative Therapy
Exploring new directions in narrative
therapy
Examine the several viewpoints of a client
Complex narrative therapy with personality
disorders
Slide 11 Chapter 12
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Gender Issues:
Narrative Therapies
Gender an element of a story (e.g. violence, discrimination)
Positive stories of women
Slide 12 Chapter 12
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Multicultural Issues:
Narrative Therapies
Language structure affects the story
Clients’ culture affects the story
Testimony therapy- African-centered theory that
focuses on the African experience in the United States
Slide 13 Chapter 12
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Theories of Psychotherapy and
Counseling: Concepts
and Cases
6th Edition
Richard S. Sharf
Chapter 13
Feminist Therapy: A Multicultural
Approach
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Factors Affecting the
Development of Feminist Therapy
Chessler’s critique of the mental health system
Research on sex-biased values of therapists
Criticisms of psychoanalysis
Social and political change groups
Consciousness-raising
National Organization for Women
Slide 1 Chapter 13
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Gender Difference Across
the Life Span
Female
Childhood
Physiological
Social attitudes
Adolescence
Physiological
Social attitudes
Adulthood
Physiological
Social attitudes
Slide 2 Chapter 13
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Male
Schema Theories
and Multiple Identities
Schema theory- a cognitive theory referring to core beliefs that
individuals hold
Multiple identities
Age
Disability that is acquired
Disability that is developmental
Religion
Ethnicity
Social class
Sexual orientation
Slide 3 Chapter 13
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
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Indigenous heritage
National origin
Gender or sex
Morality and Gilligan’s
Ethic of Care
Women
Gilligan’s Ethic of Care
Kohlberg’s Morality of
Justice
Slide 4 Chapter 13
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Men
The Relational Cultural Model
Finding identity through relationships
Women as a subordinate group with subordinate
characteristics:
Passive
Dependent
Lack of initiative
Inability to act
Men have a dominant or action-oriented way of
relating
Slide 5 Chapter 13
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The Relational Cultural Model:
Providing Mutual Empowerment
Through
Zest
Action
Knowledge
A sense of worth
Desire
All develop through positive relationships
Slide 6 Chapter 13
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The Relational Cultural Model:
Recognizing Cultural Differences
that Individuals Experience
Relational resilience
– Growing in a relationship
Relational competence – Being empathic towards
self and others
Slide 7 Chapter 13
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Goals of Feminist Therapy
Therapy for change, not adjustment
Self-nurturance and self-esteem
Balancing instrumental and relational strengths
Body image and sensuality
Affirming diversity
Empowerment and social action
Slide 8 Chapter 13
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Gender, Culture, and Power
Cultural role
Gender role
Power role
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Intervention
Intervention
Intervention
Slide 9 Chapter 13
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Techniques of Feminist Therapy
•Assertiveness training
•Reframing and relabeling
•Therapy demystifying strategies
Describing the therapeutic process
Self-disclosure
?
?
?
•Applicable for both women and men?
Slide 10 Chapter 13
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Feminist Therapy Used with
Other Theories
Freudian psychoanalysis
Object relations
Behavior therapy
Cognitive therapy
Gestalt therapy
Narrative Therapy
Slide 11 Chapter 13
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Psychological Disorder:
Examples of Feminist Approaches
Disorder
Therapist
Patient
Borderline
Jordan
Barbara
Depression
Turner
Ms. B
Posttraumatic stress
Greenspan
Andrea
Bulimia
Maisel, Epston, &
Borden
Margaret
Slide 12 Chapter 13
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Current Trends in
Feminist Therapy
Social constructivism – questioning traditional roles
Attending to needs of women from diverse cultural
groups
Regulating training and certification
Regulating use of the term “feminist therapist”
Ethical guidelines
Slide 13 Chapter 13
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Feminist Therapy Approaches
to Social Action
Leading political groups
Changing public policy (e.g., preventing environmental
diseases, promoting free or inexpensive day care)
Working against violence
Slide 14 Chapter 13
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Feminist Therapy with Men:
Issues and Techniques
Issues:
• Men’s lack of tolerance of depression
• Men’s emphasis on achievement and performance
• Reluctance to confront feelings
• Relationship difficulties
• Inappropriate expression of anger
Techniques:
• Cultural and gender analysis and intervention
• Power analysis and intervention
• Therapist self-disclosure
• Teach listening skills
• Teach men how to work collaboratively with women
• Teach new problem solving skills
Slide 15 Chapter 13
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Feminist Therapy With Lesbian
and Gay Clients
Issues:
• Homophobia
• Heterosexism
• Myths about being lesbian or gay
• Discrimination
• Coming out
Technique:
• Gender and cultural analysis and
intervention
• Power analysis and intervention
• Assertiveness training
• Reframing and relabeling
• Therapy demystifying strategies
Slide 16 Chapter 13
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
Multicultural Issues in
Feminist Therapy
Strong emphasis on attention to cultural issues
Application of feminist therapy techniques to people from
diverse cultures
Cultural analysis and intervention
Power analysis and intervention
Assertiveness training
Therapy demystifying strategies
Support groups
Slide 17 Chapter 13
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Feminist Therapy Concerns
about Multicultural Issues in Counseling
Bigotry- Conscious or unconscious views the therapist has
about ethnic deficits
Color-blindness- Attempts by the therapist to ignore racial
differences
Paternalism- The therapist takes responsibility for
discrimination the client may have received in the
past
Slide 18 Chapter 13
© 2016 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.