Dementia affects thinking, behaviour and the ability to perform every day tasks. Please share your reaction/opinions on dementia live experience.
GERO 365
Introduction to Gerontology
Aging and Cognitive Function
Week 4 and Week 5
Yujun Liu, PhD
2/4/2020
Today’s Agenda
1
Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia Care
2
Aging and Intelligence
3
Aging and Creativity
Announcement
• Illinois Council on Family Relations 2020 Annual Conference
• Friday, April 3, 2020 at NIU this year
• https://il.ncfr.org/
• The deadline to submit proposals is February 21, 2020 and
presenters will be notified by March 7th.
Things to do before Thursday, February 13,2020
• Not meet in class on Tuesday, February 11, 2020
• Read pages 97 – 132 in Sasser and Moody
• View the supplemental PPT
• Take the learning assessment that covers week 3 (biology of aging)
and pages 97 – 105 on creativity and intelligence. Due 2/6/2020
• Reaction to dementia live experience discussion Due 2/13/2020
• Work on “Profile of Purposeful Aging” writing assignment, due
2/13/2020
Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Social Model of Care
Outline
• Introduction to dementia
• Introduction to Alzheimer’s disease
• The Social model of care
• My experience at Parc Provence
6
What is dementia?
• Dementia
• is an umbrella term
• is a group of symptoms that may accompany
certain diseases or conditions
• results from brain-related diseases
7
Different Types of Dementia
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Lewy Bodies Dementia
• Vascular Dementia
• Frontotemporal Dementia
• Parkinson’s Disease
• https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/whatis-dementia/types-of-dementia
8
Alzheimer’s Disease
• Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common form
of dementia.
• People live an average of six to eight years with
AD, but can live as many as 20 years.
9
Alzheimer’s Disease
• https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
• Facts about AD
• AD is the sixth leading cause of death.
• Currently, over five million people in the U.S. have
AD.
• Risk increases with age
• Every 65 seconds, someone in the U.S. develops
AD.
10
Dementia Stages
Allen Cognitive Levels
• Allen Level 1: End Stage
• Allen Level 2: Late Stage
• Allen Level 3: Middle Stage
• Allen Level 4: Early Stage
• Allen Level 5: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
• Allen Level 6: Normal
11
Early Stage
• Goal directed
• Some older adults may recognize
memory loss
• ADLs with supervision
• Social inappropriateness
• Impaired learning ability
12
Middle Stage
• Can still learn with longer time and
repetition
• More easily distracted
• Not goal directed
• Need more assistance with ADLs
13
Late/End Stage
• Sensory stimulation is important
• Hold bodies up against gravity, walk, feed
self
• Unable to use hands to manipulate objects
• End Stage-total assistance with ADLs
14
Cognitive Losses
•Short-term memory:
•Ability to learn new things/working memory
•Long-term memory:
•Procedural memory
•Problem Solving:
•Understand the problem, make a plan of solution,
carry out the plan
•Sequencing Ability:
•Ability to chain steps together
15
Cognitive Changes
•Attention Span:
•Early stage= 20 minutes
•Middle stage= 5 minutes
•Late stage= A few seconds
•Visual attention span:
•Early stage= Several feet
•Middle= 14-18 inches
•Late= 10-14 inches or less
16
Medical Model of Care
•Medical model goals- managing safety,
meeting basic needs, and giving physical
care
•Moving away from the medical model to
social model.
17
Social Model of Care
• Social model goals:
• Positive well-being
• Function to their highest potential
• Relationships
• Person centered care
• Regular Staff
• Activities
• Attention to language
18
Care Process
• Comprehensive assessment
• Identify stages of dementia and “highest level of
function”
• Scale meaningful activities
• “just right challenge” level
• Use stage specific approaches
• Encourage participation and use of remaining
abilities
19
My experience at
Parc Provence
• Parc Provence is a skilled nursing, assisted living
and memory care community
Guess how old
Sandy is
20
Parc Provence
• http://www.parcprovence.com
• Five Similar-structured households
• Early stage: Sundial, Park View
• Middle stage: Wind Chime, Lake View
• Late/end stages: Rose Garden
• Special Structure: Nursing station/ Circle
21
References
• 2019 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures
• Types of Dementia:
http://www.alz.org/dementia/types-ofdementia.asp
• Allen Cognitive Level: http://www.allencognitive-network.org/
22
Questions
1. What is the difference between dementia and
Alzheimer’s disease?
2. What are the key elements of the social model
of care?
3. How old is Sandy?
23
Intelligence
• What is intelligence?
• Psychometric vs Cognitive Perspectives
• Alternative Views on Intelligence
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is Intelligence?
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Intelligence
• What is Intelligence?
? Goal directed adaptive behavior.
? Anything, smart, clever, creative.
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Intelligence (cont’d)
• Four approaches to intelligence:
1. Psychometric perspective: assessment of
intelligence through standardized tests
2. Cognitive perspective: information
processing speed and strategies.
3. Contextual perspective: everyday problemsolving and person-environment interactions
4. Neo-Piagetian perspective: development
from formal, analytical thinking to wisdom
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Assessment of Intelligence
• Intelligence quotient (IQ): comparison of
mental age with chronological age
• Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
assesses cognition in:
1. Verbal comprehension
2. Perceptual reasoning
3. Working memory
4. Processing speed
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Assessment of Intelligence (cont’d)
• Performance on IQ tests
?
?
?
?
?
Increases in young adulthood
Stabilizes in middle age
Declines in early 60s and beyond
Individual difference and variations exist
Ways of testing adults have changed that
consider ageing, such as larger print
? Working memory and processing speeds
decline with age
? Size of vocabulary does not decline with age
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
• Pragmatics-Crystalized
• Mechanics-Fluid
• Simultaneously functioning, yet somewhat
independent
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
(cont’d)
• Fluid intelligence: abstract reasoning,
perceptual speed
? Functionally similar to working memory
? Cognitive mechanics similar: refers to
biological process involved in thinking
? Fluid intelligence and cognitive mechanics
decline with age
? Decline more noticeable after 70
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
(cont’d)
•
Crystallized intelligence: vocabulary, mathematical skills, complex
motor skills
? Similar to cognitive pragmatics: social and cultural ways of
thinking
? Remain stable through most of adulthood
? Increases until middle age
? Plateaus until very late adulthood
? Slow decline in old-old age
? Crystallized intelligence influenced by:
– Educational achievement
– Type of occupation
– Daily activities
– Chronic diseases
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Alternative Theories of Intelligence
• Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence
• 3 elements:
? Analytical intelligence: abstract thinking, reasoning,
cognitive processing skills
? Creative intelligence: experiential learning/adaptation
through trial and error, ability to respond to tasks,
challenges, new situations
? Practical intelligence: common sense, “street smarts”
? Most people excel in one or two elements
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Table 9.1 Sternberg’s Patterns of Giftedness
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Alternative Theories of Intelligence
(cont’d)
• Gardner’s theory of multiple
intelligences: isolated eight intelligences
• Takes into account cultural and historical
data and their link to evolution of cognitive
areas
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Does Mindset Affect Intellect?
• Is intelligence fixed or malleable?
? If it is fixed, what fixes it?
? If it is malleable, how is that possible?
• Does belief, values and identity play a role
in intelligence?
The power of yet
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Creativity
• What is creativity?
• What are the personalogical
characteristics of creative people?
• Is creativity an ability or a process?
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What is Creativity
• Difficult concept to define and measure
?
?
?
?
Define creativity?
When does creative capacity begin?
When does it end?
Do you regularly engage in any activities that you
consider creative? What are they?
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Your Brain on Improv
• What areas of the brain ramp up during
improv?
• What areas of the brain shut down?
• What is Limbs hypothesis about these
changes in brain activity?
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Creativity
• Characteristics of Creative individuals:
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Nonconforming
Active in exploring own identity development
Imagination
Cognitive flexibility
Curiosity
Openness to new ideas
Willingness to consult with others
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Creativity
• In artists, productions of creative work
? Integration- a stage in which there is deep enjoyment of
creative process.
– 1000s of hours of practice
– May not occur until middle adulthood
? They pass through stages:
– Selection in young adulthood: creative talents are
priority
– Optimization in later young adulthood to middle
adulthood: focus is productivity
– Compensation in middle adulthood: adjust work
to physical aging
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Creativity (cont’d)
• In artists, productions of creative work
? Creativity in Late Adulthood:
– Productivity (#) declines with age; however
– Motivation increases as creative work becomes a
primary passion of life
– Complexity continues to grow
– Swan song phenomenon: great/master works
produced in last years of life
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Working through the “Darkside”
• Creativity and mental health
? Pressure to create
? Social ideas about creative people
? Internalized stereotypes
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
4 Lessons in Creativity
• What 4 things does Julia Bernstein
suggest we need to embrace to be
creative?
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Benefits of Creativity
• Individual Benefits of Creativity
? Provides sense of generativity
? Enhances self-esteem
? Reduces stress
Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
THANK YOU!
• Any questions?
• Email me:
• [email protected]
51

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