Key individuals and historical events have helped shape the field of epidemiology. Research the following individuals and their roles in shaping contemporary epidemiology:
John Graunt
James Lind
Edward Jenner
Ignaz Semmelweis
John Snow
Choose three of the individuals from your research. In a 1,000-1,250 word paper, describe the epidemiological advancements that were influenced by these individuals. Include the following:

Describe the disease and the event. Using descriptive epidemiology, discuss how common the disease was at the time, who was infected, when it occurred (time of year or season), and the mode of transmission. If the individual is not associated with a specific disease, discuss a significant disease happening during that period.

Discuss how the individuals influenced or advanced epidemiological methods and the process they used to describe and control disease. Discuss how their contributions helped to inform the definition of epidemiology. Consider whether they used qualitative, quantitative, or both types of data collection methods, and the approach they used to test their hypotheses.
Discuss how similar epidemiological methods have been used to understand one current public health issue (not one for each individual). Discuss the key research studies used to understand the risk factors associated with the problem or disease. Two potential examples include lung cancer (Doll and Hill, 1950) or cardiovascular disease and the Framingham Heart Study (Drawber, Meadors, & Moore, 1950; Kannel, 2000).

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
PLEASE make sure APA citation and permalink for articles are complete and correct.

PLEASE add the links/sites below to the reference list if you use any of these readings and make sure everything is in proper APA format.

https://apastyle.apa.org/learn/quick-guide-on-refe…
Read Chapters 1, 2, and 6 in Gordis Epidemiology.

URL: 

https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/elsevier/2019/gordis-epidemiology_6e.php
Read “Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung,” by Doll and Hill, from British Medical Journal (1950).

URL: 

https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.lopes.idm.oclc.org/pmc/articles/PMC2038856/pdf/brmedj03566-0003.pdf
Read “The Training of Epidemiologists and Diversity in Epidemiology: Findings from the 2006 Congress of Epidemiology Survey,” by Carter-Pokras et al., from Annals of Epidemiology (2009).
URL: 
http://www.sciencedirect.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S104727970900060X
Watch “Epidemiology the Backbone of Public Health,” by Greg Martin (2017), located on the YouTube website.

URL: 

Read “The Framingham Study: ITS 50-Year Legacy and Future Promise,” by Kannel, from Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (2000).

URL: 

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jat1994/6/2/6_2_60/_pdf
Read “Epidemiological Background and Design: The Framingham Study,” located on the Framingham Heart Study website.

URL: 

https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/fhs-about/history/epidemiological-background/
Read “Epidemiological Approaches to Heart Disease: The Framingham Study,” by Dawber, Meadors, and Moore, from American Journal of Public Health (1951).
URL: 
http://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525365/pdf/amjphnation00421-0020.pdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm10VqiSJ6tLAYY0TMfm15VR8M93MA&nossl=1&oi=scholarr
View “Global Disease Detectives,” by the Center for Global Health (2013), located on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.
URL: 
https://www.cdc.gov/cdctv/dataandstatistics/disease-detectives.html
Read “Section 2: Historical Evolution of Epidemiology,” from Lesson 1 of  the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) self-study course, Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice (2012), located on the CDC website.
URL: 
https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section2.html
Explore the CDC Current Outbreak List page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.
URL: 
https://www.cdc.gov/outbreaks/index.html
Explore the Epidemic Intelligence Service page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.
URL: 
https://www.cdc.gov/eis/index.html
Explore the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), located on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.
URL: 
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index.html
Course Code
PUB-540
Class Code
PUB-540-O500
Criteria
Criteria
Percentage
100.0%
Key Individuals and Historical Events
20.0%
Disease and Event
15.0%
How Individuals/Events Influenced or Advanced
Methods of the Time
20.0%
How Advancements Influenced Understanding of
Current Public Health Efforts
15.0%
Thesis Development and Purpose
7.0%
Argument Logic and Construction
8.0%
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling,
punctuation, grammar, language use)
5.0%
Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the
major and assignment)
5.0%
Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes,
references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to
assignment and style)
5.0%
Total Weightage
100%
Assignment Title
Historical Review of Epidemiology
Unsatisfactory (0.00%)
Three individuals shaping the field of epidemiology have not
been presented. The individuals chosen do not meet the
assignment criteria.
The disease and event are not described for the three
individuals.
A discussion of how events or the three individuals influenced
or advanced epidemiological methods of the time is not
presented.
A discussion on the epidemiological advancements of
methods leading to the understanding of current public
health issues is not presented.
Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing
claim.
Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The
conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is
incoherent and uses noncredible sources.
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede
communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or
sentence construction is used.
Template is not used appropriately or documentation format
is rarely followed correctly.
Sources are not documented.
Total Points
100.0
Less than Satisfactory (74.00%)
An incomplete summary of three individuals is presented. The
individuals chosen meet the assignment criteria, but the roles
of the individuals or events are inaccurately represented.
The disease and event are generally presented for all three
individuals. The descriptions contain inaccuracies regarding
the timeframe, who was infected and when, and the mode of
transmission. Descriptive epidemiology is not used, or is used
out of context.
A summary of how events or the three individuals influenced
or advanced epidemiological methods of the time is
presented. The summary contains inaccuracies. Significant
detail or evidence is needed to support discussion.
A summary on the epidemiological advancements leading to
the understanding of current public health issues is
presented. The summary contains inaccuracies. No logical
correlation between epidemiological historical advancements
and the understanding of current public health issues is
established.
Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not
clear.
Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks
consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some
sources have questionable credibility.
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the
reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word
choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not
varied.
Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing
or mistaken. A lack of control with formatting is apparent.
Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as
appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous
formatting errors.
Satisfactory (79.00%)
Three key individuals shaping the field of epidemiology are
presented. The roles of the individuals and events are
presented, but there are minor inaccuracies.
The disease and event are generally summarized for all three
individuals. The descriptions are accurate, but require
significantly more detail regarding the timeframe, who was
infected and when, and the mode of transmission. Some
descriptive epidemiology is used.
A general discussion of how events or the three individuals
influenced or advanced epidemiological methods of the time
is presented. The discussion requires some detail or evidence
to fully support discussion.
A discussion on the epidemiological advancements leading to
the understanding of current public health issues is generally
presented. A general correlation between epidemiological
historical advancements and the understanding of current
public health issues is established. There are some
inaccuracies; more evidence is needed to support discussion.
Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.
Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The
argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument
logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources
used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the
thesis.
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are
not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied
sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are
employed.
Appropriate template is used. Formatting is correct, although
some minor errors may be present.
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and
style, although some formatting errors may be present.
Good (87.00%)
A narrative describing the key individuals shaping the field of
epidemiology is presented. The roles of the individuals and
events are accurate. More detail is required to fully represent
the individuals or events.
The disease and event are accurately described for all three
individuals. Some detail regarding the timeframe, who was
infected and when, and the mode of transmission is needed
to provide clarity. Descriptive epidemiology is generally used.
A discussion of how events or the three individuals influenced
or advanced epidemiological methods of the time is
presented. Evidence is used to support discussion. Some
detail is needed for clarity.
A discussion on the epidemiological advancements leading to
the understanding of current public health issues is accurately
presented. A correlation between epidemiological historical
advancements and the understanding of current public health
issues is established. The discussion requires some detail for
clarity.
Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper.
Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and
appropriate to the purpose.
Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of
argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of
claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are
authoritative.
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may
be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence
structures and figures of speech.
Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually no
errors in formatting style.
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and
style, and format is mostly correct.
Excellent (100.00%)
A well-organized narrative describing the key individuals
shaping the field of epidemiology is presented. The roles of
the individuals and events are accurately and discussed in
detailed.
The disease and event are described accurately and clearly
for all three individuals. Strong detail regarding the
timeframe, who was infected and when, and the mode of
transmission is presented. The description demonstrates a
strong understanding of descriptive epidemiology.
A detailed discussion of how events or the three individuals
influenced or advanced epidemiological methods of the time
is presented. Strong evidence is used to support discussion.
The discussion demonstrates an understanding of the
epidemiological advancements.
A discussion on the epidemiological advancements leading to
the understanding of current public health issues is accurately
presented. A correlation between epidemiological historical
advancements and the understanding of current public health
issues is established.
Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the
paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper
clear.
Clear and convincing argument that presents a persuasive
claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are
authoritative.
Comments
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic
English.
All format elements are correct.
Sources are completely and correctly documented, as
appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of
error.
Points Earned

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