Discuss:
A national profile might be useful for developing OSH:-
– Implementation strategies
A national profile might be useful for developing OSH:
( Policy – System – Implementation strategies).
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Introduction
When regarding the successful, powerful and own acceptable consequence
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) should take into account developing
policy, system, and strategy by utilizing an important tool :
The national profile .
It is a key tool in the application of a systems management approach to OSH within its
periodic updating, as a tool for measuring development over time.
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The national profile in (OSH).
The national profile which summarizes the national situation on (OSH),
Identifies legislation, the infrastructure, and resources and the national situation with regard to
occupational accidents and diseases.
To reach a safe and healthy working environment for all workers, per country has to
develop an efficient profile national (OSH) as a collaborative effort of the government and social
partners.
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Reference:
Alli, B. O. (2008). Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: International
Labour Office. ISBN 9221204545 (print edition). ISBN 9789221204541 (e-text).
PHC 362: Workplace Health Promotion
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Week 2
Occupational Hazards
and Risks: The problems
and the ILO response
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An Unacceptable Situation
Occupational accidents, injuries and diseases and major industrial
disasters come at a great cost:
?Human ?Social ?Economic
These costs cause concern at all levels:
?Individual ?National ?International
Measures and strategies designed to prevent, control, reduce or
eliminate occupational hazards and risks have been developed and
applied continuously over the years to keep pace with technological
and economic changes.
Adapted from An Unacceptable Situation in Alli (2008).
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An Unacceptable Situation
Despite continuous if slow improvement, 2 million occupational
fatalities
occur across the world every year.
The highest proportions of these
being caused by:
Work-related cancers
Circulatory and
cerebrovascular diseases
Communicable diseases
Accidental occupational injuries
Adapted from An Unacceptable Situation in Alli (2008).
At-risk workers without appropriate safety equipment
image by National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH), 1941, licensed by Public Domain
via Wikimedia Commons.
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An Unacceptable Situation
The overall annual rate of occupational accidents, fatal and non-fatal,
is estimated at 270 million, and their cost in terms of human suffering
and economic burden continues to be significant.
160 million workers suffer from work-related diseases.
About two-thirds of those are away from work for four
working days or longer as a result.
Overall occupational accident and disease rates are:
Slowly declining in most industrialized countries
Level or increasing in developing and industrializing countries
Adapted from An Unacceptable Situation in Alli (2008).
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An Unacceptable Situation
The human and economic costs of workplace injuries and deaths are
colossal for:
?Companies ,Enterprises ?Nations ?Global community
Taking into account:
?Compensation ?Lost working time ?Interruption of production
?Training and retraining ?Medical expenses ?And other costs
Estimates of these losses are routinely put at roughly 4 per cent of
global (GNP :Gross National Product) every year, and possibly much
more.
Adapted from An Unacceptable Situation in Alli (2008).
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An Unacceptable Situation
Occupational and industrial accidents are all caused by:
preventable factors
which could be eliminated
by implementing already known and available measures and methods
This is demonstrated by continuously reduced accident rates in
industrialized countries.
The application of preventive strategies offers significant human
and economic benefits.
Adapted from An Unacceptable Situation in Alli (2008).
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Variations in Performance
Countries
The incidence of workplace fatalities varies enormously between countries. There
appears to be a significant difference between developed and developing countries.
Economic sectors
Worldwide, the highest rates of occupational deaths occur in agriculture, forestry,
mining and construction; high rates of work-related diseases are found in meat
packaging and mining
Sizes of enterprise
Small workplaces (fewer than 50 employees) tend to have a worse safety record
than large ones (more than 200 employees).
Adapted from Variations in Performance in Alli (2008).
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Groups at Particular Risk
Some groups are particularly at risk or their specific problems are overlooked.
The special position of women workers needs attention. The gender
division of labour has an impact on womens safety and health in the
workplace, which goes well beyond reproductive hazards.
There are many home-based workers, in both developed an developing
countries. In some counties they are covered by normal safety and health
legislation, but in others they are not.
Part-time workers are another group who may suffer from not being
covered by safety and health provisions.
Adapted from Groups at Particular Risk in Alli (2008).
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Groups at Particular Risk
In 2000, economically active migrants were estimated to number some 81
million. For many, working conditions are abusive and exploitative. The
safety and health risks associated with such conditions are compounded
by the kinds of work that most migrants do, namely hazardous and risky
jobs, particularly in agriculture and construction.
Workers in the informal economy are more likely than formal workers to
be exposed to poor working environments, low safety and health
standards, and environmental hazards, and to suffer poor health or injury.
Many children are still involved in hazardous work, although the numbers
are falling. More boys than girls continue to work in dangerous jobs.
Adapted from Groups at Particular Risk in Alli (2008).
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Groups at Particular Risk
The ageing of the world workforce raises many concerns, including:
standards in invalidity, old age and survivors insurance
occupational hazards and working conditions that hasten the ageing
process and reduce their working capacity
The accident rate of contract workers is on average twice that of
permanent workers.
Drivers are particularly at risk. International estimates suggest that
between 15 and 20 per cent of fatalities caused by road accidents are
suffered by people in the course of their work
Adapted from Groups at Particular Risk in Alli (2008).
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Major OSH Instruments(tools)
The means used by the ILO to promote occupational safety and health
Include:
International labour standards
Codes of practice
Provision of technical advice
Dissemination of information
By these means it aims to increase the capacity of member States to
prevent occupational accidents and work-related diseases by improving
working conditions.
Adapted from Major OSH Instruments in Alli (2008).
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Major OSH Instruments
A main function of the ILO is to develop international labour standards.
These cover labour and social matters, and
Take the form of Conventions and Recommendations.
Conventions are like multilateral international treaties. Once ratified by
member States, they create specific binding obligations.
Together, ILO Conventions and Recommendations are an international labour
code, the minimum standards in the social and labour field.
The ILO Conventions and Recommendations on OSH:
Embody principles which define the rights of workers in this field.
Allocate duties and responsibilities to the competent authorities, to
employers and to workers.
Adapted from Major OSH Instruments in Alli (2008).
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Major OSH Instruments
A government that has ratified a Convention is expected to:
Apply its provisions through legislation or other appropriate means, as
indicated in the text of the Convention
Report regularly on the application of ratified Conventions
The extent of compliance is subject to:
Examination and public comment by the ILO supervisory machinery
Complaints about alleged non-compliance may be made by the governments
of other ratifying States or by employers or workers organizations.
Procedures exist for investigating and acting upon such complaints
.
Adapted from Major OSH Instruments in Alli (2008).
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Major OSH Instruments
Recommendations are intended to:
Offer non-binding guidelines which may orient national policy and practice
They often elaborate upon the provisions of Conventions on the same subject
or upon a subject not yet covered by a Convention
Although no substantive obligations are entailed, member States have certain
important procedural obligations in respect of Recommendations:
To submit the texts to their legislative bodies
To report on the resulting action
To report occasionally at the request of the ILO Governing Body on measures
taken or envisaged to give effect to the provisions.
Adapted from Major OSH Instruments in Alli (2008).
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Major OSH instruments
The ILO also develops codes of practice:
These contain practical recommendations, sometimes highly technical and
scientifically detailed, to be used as guidance on implementing the labour standards
or on addressing a particular issue.
ILO codes of practice, like labour standards, are developed in a tripartite context,
but through a meeting of experts nominated by the Governing Body rather than the
ILOs constituents.
ILO standards influence the laws and regulations of member States:
New legislation or amendments are often prepared with ILO standards in mind.
Governments consult the ILO about the compatibility of proposed legislative
texts with international labour standards.
Adapted from Major OSH Instruments in Alli (2008).
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Scope and Purpose of OSH Standards
Conventions and Recommendations on occupational safety and health may
serve several purposes, acting as:
fundamental principles to guide policies for promotion, action and
management;
general protection measures, for example, guarding of machinery, medical
examination of young workers or limiting the weight of loads to be
transported by a single worker;
protection in specific branches of economic activity, such as mining, the
building industry, commerce and dock work;
Continued on next slide
Adapted from Major OSH Instruments in Alli (2008).
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Scope and Purpose of OSH Standards
Continued from previous slide
protection of specific professions (for example, nurses and seafarers) and
categories of workers having particular occupational health needs (such as
women or young workers);
protection against specific risks (ionizing radiation, benzene, asbestos);
prevention of occupational cancer; control of air pollution, noise and
vibration in the working environment; measures to ensure safety in the
use of chemicals, including the prevention of major industrial accidents;
organizational measures and procedures relating, for example, to labour
inspection or compensation for occupational injuries and diseases.
Adapted from Major OSH Instruments in Alli (2008).
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Scope and Purpose of Standards
How the core
OSH standards
relate to ILO
standards on
other issues
Adapted from
Major OSH
Instruments
in Alli (2008).
Labour
inspection
Fundamental
standards
Migrant
workers
Social
dialogue
CORE OSH STANDARDS
Dock
workers
GENERAL STANDARDS
(C187, C155, and C161)
Freedom of
association
Industrial
relations
Vocational
guidance and
training
SPECIFIC RISKS
Physical
hazards
(C119,
C127,
C148, and
C174)
Social
security
BRANCHES
Hazardous
OF
substances
ACTIVITY
and agents
(C120, C167,
(C115,
C176, and
C139, C148,
C184)
C162, and
C170)
Working
time
PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals
Seafarers and
fishermen
Gender
Protection of
children and the
young
18
Additional Information
All information provided in this presentation was
obtained from:
Alli, B. O. (2008). Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and
Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. ISBN
9221204545 (print edition). ISBN 9789221204541 (e-text).
PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals
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Week 3
Key Principles in
Occupational Safety and Health
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Introduction
The key principles underpinning the
field of occupational safety and
health (OSH) and the provisions
of international labour standards
are all designed to ensure that work
should take place in a safe and
healthy environment.
Adapted from Core OSH Principles in Alli (2008)
Various workplace safety signs commonly used at
construction sites and industrial work environments.
Image by Compliance and Safety LLC, 2012, licensed
under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
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Introduction
As an extensive multidisciplinary field, OSH routinely deals with issues
related to areas such as :
Medicine including
Ergonomics
physiology and toxicology
Chemistry
Physics
Technology
Economics
Law
And other areas specific to various industries and activities.
Despite this variety of concerns and interests, certain basic principles
can be identified, including the following
Adapted from Core OSH Principles in Alli (2008)
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Core OSH Principles
All workers have rights.
Occupational safety and health policies must be established.
A national system for occupational safety and health must be
established.
A national programme on occupational safety and health must be
formulated.
Social partners (that is, employers and workers) and other stakeholders
must be consulted.
Adapted from Core OSH Principles in Alli (2008)
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Core OSH Principles
Occupational safety and health programmes and policies must aim at
both prevention and protection.
Continuous improvement of occupational safety and health must be
promoted.
Information is vital for the development and implementation of
effective programmes and policies.
Health promotion is a central element of occupational health practice.
Occupational health services covering all workers should be
established.
Adapted from Core OSH Principles in Alli (2008)
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Core OSH Principles
Compensation, rehabilitation and curative services must be made
available to workers who suffer occupational injuries, accidents and
work related diseases.
Education and training are vital components of safe, healthy working
environments.
Workers, employers and competent authorities have certain
responsibilities, duties and obligations.
Policies must be enforced.
Adapted from Core OSH Principles in Alli (2008)
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Additional Thoughts on Core OSH Principles
These key principles structure OSH programmes and policies, but the
above list is not exhaustive.
More specialized areas have
corresponding principles of their own.
Moreover, ethical considerations regarding
such matters as individuals rights to privacy
must be taken into consideration when
devising policies.
Peril in the office. Image by Jennifer Boyer,
1999, licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.
Adapted from Core OSH Principles in Alli (2008)
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Rights and Duties
The responsibilities of:
Governments,
Employers
Workers
should be seen as complementary
and mutually reinforcing in the common
task of promoting occupational safety
and health to the greatest extent possible
within the constraints of national
conditions and practice.
Safety Slogans from video by Hr Safeinfo, 2003.
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution
license (reuse allowed) via YouTube.
Adapted from Rights and Duties in Alli (2008)
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Workers Rights
The protection of life and health at work is a
fundamental workers right.
Decent work implies safe work
Workers have a duty to take care of:
their own safety, as well as
the safety of anyone who might be affected by
what they do or fail to do.
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Workers Rights
Workers also have the right to:
Adequate knowledge
Stop work in the case of imminent danger to safety or health
Be properly informed of hazards
Be adequately trained to carry out their tasks safely
To make progress in occupational safety and health within enterprises,
workers and their representatives have the responsibility to
cooperate with employers.
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Employers Responsibilities
It is the responsibility of employers to ensure that the
working environment is safe and healthy.
They must prevent, and protect workers from, occupational risks.
They are responsible for being knowledgeable about
occupational hazards.
Must demonstrate their commitment to ensure that
management
processes promote safety and health at work.
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Employers Responsibilities
Training is one of the most important tasks to be carried out by
employers.
Workers need to know:
How to do their jobs
How to protect their lives and health and those of their coworkers while working.
Within enterprises, managers and supervisors are responsible for
ensuring that workers are adequately trained for the work that they are
expected to undertake.
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Employers Responsibilities
Employers organizations should instigate training and information
programmes on:
Prevention and control of hazards
Protection against risks
Employers must be in a position to
deal with accidents and emergencies,
including providing first-aid facilities.
First Aid. Image by tFity, licensed
under CC0 1.0 via Pixabay.
Adapted from Employers Responsibilities in Alli (2008)
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Employers Responsibilities
Adequate arrangements should also be made :
For compensation of and rehabilitation for work-related injuries
and diseases
To facilitate a prompt return to work
In short, the objective of preventive programmes should be to:
Provide a safe and healthy environment
That protects and promotes workers health and their working
capacity
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Governments Duties
Governments are responsible for:
Drawing up occupational safety and health policies
Making sure that they are implemented
Policies will be reflected in legislation, and legislation must be
enforced.
Legislation cannot cover all workplace risks, so is also advisable to
address occupational safety and health issues by means of collective
agreements reached between the social partners.
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Governments Duties
Policies are more likely to be supported and implemented if:
Employers and workers, through their respective organizations, have had a hand in
drawing them up.
This is regardless of whether they are in the form of laws, regulations, codes or
collective agreements.
The competent authority should:
Issue and periodically review regulations or codes of practice
Instigate research to identify hazards and to find ways of overcoming them
Provide information and advice to employers and workers
Take specific measures to avoid catastrophes where potential risks are high
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Governments Duties
The OSH policy should include provisions for the establishment, operation
and progressive extension of occupational health services.
The competent authority should supervise and advise on the implementation of
a workers health surveillance system:
which should be linked with programmes to:
Prevent accident and disease
Protect and promote workers health at both enterprise and national levels
The information provided by surveillance will show:
Whether occupational safety and health standards are being implemented
Where more needs to be done to safeguard workers
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Governments Duties
A concise statement that encapsulates the main purposes of
occupational health is the definition provided by the joint ILO/WHO
Committee.
As the definition indicates, the main focus in occupational health is on
three different objectives:
the maintenance and promotion of workers health and working
capacity;
the improvement of work and working conditions so that they are
conducive to safety and health; and
Continued on next slide
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Governments Duties
Occupational health objectives, continued
the development of work organizations and preventive safety and
health cultures in a direction that supports safety and health at
work. Such development also promotes a positive social climate and
enhances the smooth operation and possibly also the productivity of
working enterprises. The term culture in this context means an
environment reflecting the value systems adopted by the
undertaking concerned. Such a culture is reflected in practice in the
managerial systems, personnel policy, principles for participation,
training policies and quality management of the undertaking.
PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals
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Additional Information
All information provided in this presentation was
obtained from:
Alli, B. O. (2008). Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and
Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. ISBN
9221204545 (print edition). ISBN 9789221204541 (e-text).
PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals
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Week 4 Part 1
General Framework for
Occupational Safety and Health
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Limiting Elements
Although effective legal and technical tools and measures to prevent
occupational accidents and diseases exist, national efforts to tackle
OSH problems are:
Often fragmented and, as a result, have less impact
Also hampered by the time lag between changes in the world of
work or detection of new hazards and risks, and the
development and implementation of appropriate responses
Adapted from General Framework for OSH in Alli (2008).
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Proactive Responses
Mechanisms and strategies must therefore be developed to keep
occupational safety and health continuously at the forefront of
national and enterprise priorities.
This can be done by:
raising the general awareness of the importance of OSH in social and
economic contexts, and
integrating it as a priority element in national and business plans.
It is also important to engage all social partners and stakeholders in
initiating and sustaining mechanisms for a continued improvement
of national OSH systems.
Adapted from General Framework for OSH in Alli (2008).
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Proactive Responses
The application of principles to protect safety and health by prevention
and control of hazards should become:
an integral part of working culture,
and of all social and economic processes.
To be successful, the development of appropriate responses must:
make use of the collective body of knowledge, experience, and good
practice in this area; and
ensure that this knowledge is kept up to date and disseminated
efficiently though good information and education systems.
Adapted from General Framework for OSH in Alli (2008).
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The Framework
Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health
Convention, 2006 (No. 187) and
Recommendation (No.197)
These instruments Integrate the two fundamental pillars of the ILOs
global strategy to improve safety and health in the world of work:
The building and maintenance of a national preventive safety
and health culture, and
The application of a systems approach to the management
of OSH at both national and enterprise levels.
Adapted from General Framework for OSH in Alli (2008).
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The Framework
The Convention provides for:
the development, establishment, and implementation of a
number of tools for
the sound management of occupational safety and health,
in consultation with the most representative organizations of
employers and workers, as well as other stakeholders
engaged in the area of OSH.
Adapted from General Framework for OSH in Alli (2008).
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The Tools
These tools include:
a national OSH policy, as defined in the Occupational Safety and
Health Convention (No. 155), 1981;
a national OSH system; and
a national OSH programme based on the elaboration and periodic
updating of a national OSH profile.
Adapted from General Framework for OSH in Alli (2008).
PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals
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Additional Information
All information provided in this presentation was
obtained from:
Alli, B. O. (2008). Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and
Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. ISBN
9221204545 (print edition). ISBN 9789221204541 (e-text).
PHC 361: Safety Fundamentals
8
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