[Full-Scale Exercise]
Week 1 Assignment
Riyadh City
Home Locality
My home is in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. It is the capital, the biggest city, and the
country’s main financial hub. The current population is 7,821,000.
The Emergency and Disaster Response Resources Available in Riyadh City
Riyadh City relies on various local and national emergency and disaster response
resources. The following are the primary resources used in Riyadh for emergency and disaster
response.
1. The Saudi Red Crescent Authority (SRCA) and Ministry of Health Plan
This resource involves collaboration between SRCA and MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is used
as a plan for overseeing disaster response. It is part of the national disaster plan used in Riyadh
for disaster management and relief.
2. The General Security and Fire Services
It is a resource for emergency and disaster response used in Riyadh for disaster response
relating to fire. It has established five fire units in Riyadh for emergency and disaster response.
The General Directorate of Civil Defence (GDCD)
It is another emergency and disaster response resource used in Riyadh. It helps to respond
to emergencies and disasters in several ways. First, it arranges the national alert system when an
emergency or disaster occurs. It also protects victims of disaster by providing essential life-
[Full-Scale Exercise]
support measures. It assists in controlling hazardous areas by evacuating people for disasters and
emergencies. It assists in monitoring the disaster recovery process and restoring normalcy in the
affected areas.
The Potential Hazards Faced by Riyadh City
a) Sand and dust storms
Riyadh City faces many hazards. For example, the city experiences sand and dust storms
during spring and summer. The thick dust can affect visibility in Riyadh up to 10 m (33 ft)
(Alhumidan, 2021). The storms affect domestic and international flights and cause school
learning to be suspended.
b) Drought
Riyadh also experiences drought because of its arid climate. The drought is caused by an
average high temperature that reaches 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) in August (Alhumidan, 2021).
c) Floods
The city also faces severe flooding during flash flood events due to its arid climate. The
city receives a fair amount of rain in March and April, thus causing flooding (Ledraa & AlGhamdi, 2020).
[Full-Scale Exercise]
Week 2 Assignment
Exercise Overview
The Full Scenario Exercise (FSE) will immerse Saudi Red Crescent Authority
paramedics in a simulated bus rollover accident on a high-traffic highway, mirroring the
challenges they might encounter in their operational environment in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Reports indicate that a bus carrying 14 passengers has overturned. This drill will assess the
paramedics’ preparedness and response tactics tailored to manage mass casualty incidents (MCIs)
in such settings.
Exercise Goal
The exercise is directed towards assessing, improving, and learning coordination,
communication, and response efficacy from paramedics and other relevant agencies in the case
of mass casualties in Riyadh so that proper medical care can reach the injured in good time.
SMART Exercise Objectives
1. Objective: Establish incident command within 15 minutes of the simulated incident and
initiate triage procedures.
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SMART Qualification:
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Specific: Establishing incident command structure and initiating triage
procedures.
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Measurable: Response time within 15 minutes.
[Full-Scale Exercise]
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Achievable: Achievable within the resources and training available.
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Relevant: Critical for effective management of the incident.
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Time-bound: Response time specified within 15 minutes.
2. Objective: Deploy medical resources and personnel to the scene within 30 minutes of the
incident notification.
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SMART Qualification:
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Specific: Deployment of medical resources and personnel.
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Measurable: Response time within 30 minutes.
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Achievable: Feasible within logistical constraints.
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Relevant: Ensures timely medical assistance.
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Time-bound: Response time specified within 30 minutes.
3. Objective: Conduct effective triage and prioritize treatment based on severity within 45
minutes of the incident.
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SMART Qualification:
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Specific: Conducting triage and prioritizing treatment.
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Measurable: Completion within 45 minutes.
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Achievable: Trained personnel available for triage.
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Relevant: Ensures efficient allocation of resources.
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Time-bound: Completion time specified within 45 minutes.
4. Objective: Coordinate with other emergency response agencies and hospitals for efficient
patient transport within 60 minutes.
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SMART Qualification:
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Specific: Coordination for patient transport.
[Full-Scale Exercise]
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Measurable: Completion within 60 minutes.
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Achievable: Established communication channels.
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Relevant: Ensures timely transfer of patients.
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Time-bound: Completion time specified within 60 minutes.
5. Objective: Test communication systems and protocols for interoperability and reliability
during the exercise.
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SMART Qualification:
?
Specific: Testing communication systems.
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Measurable: Reliability and interoperability assessed.
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Achievable: Use of available communication equipment.
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Relevant: Essential for a coordinated response.
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Time-bound: Tested during the exercise duration.
6. Objective: Conduct post-incident debriefing and identify areas for improvement within
24 hours.
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SMART Qualification:
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Specific: Conduct post-incident debriefing.
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Measurable: Completion within 24 hours.
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Achievable: Scheduled debriefing session.
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Relevant: Facilitates learning and improvement.
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Time-bound: Debriefing session within 24 hours.
Staffing Plan
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Design Team: Exercise Planner, Scenario Developer, Safety Officer.
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Conduct Team:
[Full-Scale Exercise]
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Exercise Director: Overall responsible for exercise conduct.
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Controller(s): Overseeing the progression of the exercise.
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Facilitator(s): Assisting in managing communication and logistics.
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Lead Evaluator: Supervising evaluation process.
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Evaluators: Assessing performance and compliance.
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Role Players: Portraying victims, bystanders, and other involved parties.
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Simulators: Creating realistic scenarios and effects.
Budget
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Personnel Costs:
Exercise Director: $500
Controller(s): $650
Facilitator(s): $350
Lead Evaluator: $700
Evaluators: $850
Role Players: $2500
Backfill for on-duty personnel: $1500
Total Cost: $7050
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Other Costs:
Equipment rental: $1000
simulation material: $300
venue rental: $200
refreshments: $250
Total Other Costs: $1750
Grand Total Budget: $8800
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[Full-Scale Exercise]
Week 3 Assignment
FULL-SCALE EXERCISE
RESOURCES
INTRODUCTION.
? Location: High-traffic highway near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
? Incident: A bus carrying 14 passengers has overturned.
? Objective: Assess paramedics’ preparedness and response tactics in managing mass
casualty incidents.
Resource list.
? Design Team
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Exercise Planner: 2
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Scenario Developer: 2
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Safety Officer: 3
? Conduct Team
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Exercise Director: 1
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Controller(s): 2
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Facilitator(s): 2
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Lead Evaluator: 1
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Evaluators: 2
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Role Players: 10
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Medical Supplies:
[Full-Scale Exercise]
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•
•
•
•
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Bandages: 25 rolls
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Splints: 18 sets
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Stretchers: 14
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first aid kits: 10
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EMS jump bags: 10
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Traiag tags: 15
Communication Equipment:
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Radios: 10
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cell phones: 8
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walkie-talkies: 4
Transportation:
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Ambulances: 6
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medical transport vehicles: 3
Simulation Materials:
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Mannequins: 5
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moulage kits (for realistic injuries): 12
Safety Gear:
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Helmets: 13
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Gloves: 10 packets
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reflective vests: 30
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Accident safety tags: 4
Refreshments: Water: 100 liters
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snacks for participants: Enough for 50 people
[Full-Scale Exercise]
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Week 4 Assignment.
Master Scenario Events List (MSEL
Master Scenario Events List (MSEL)
Event Event
#
Time
Event Description
10:00 Start the begin exercise
Increase traffic
congestion around the
accident site
Responsible
Controller
Recipient
Inject Mode Player
Executive
director
Phone/ Radio
1
10:05
2
Additional injured
victims reported on the
10:20
scene
Lead Evacuator
3
Decrease in available
medical supplies at the
10:39
scene
4
10:58
Adverse weather
conditions impede
transport operations
11:17
Reassess triage
priorities based on
resource depletion
11:36
Provide false
information about
casualty severity
5
6
Facilitator
Controller
Role player
Controller
Simulator
Exercise begins as scheduled
Written
Paramedics adapt to increased
Paramedics
traffic conditions
Radio
Incident
Triage procedures used to
commander accommodate more casualties
Medical
team
Medical personnel prioritize
resource allocation
Transport
team
Coordination strategies
adjusted for weather
challenges
Phone
Medical
team
Adjusted triage decisions
made considering resource
scarcity
Written
Medical
team
Testing response accuracy and
adaptability
In-person
Fax
–Injects Explanation
1. Increase of Speed of Events:
All
Expected Outcome
of Player Action
[Full-Scale Exercise]
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10:05: Increase traffic congestion near the accident site (Written)
o
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Responsible Controller: Facilitator
10:20: Additional injured victims reported on the scene (Radio)
o
Responsible Controller: Lead Evacuator
2. Decrease of Speed of Events:
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10:40: Decrease in available medical supplies at the scene (In person)
o
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Responsible Controller: Controller(s)
10:58: Adverse weather conditions impede transport operations (Fax)
o
Responsible Controller: Role Player
3. Refocus of Player Actions:
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11:17: Reassess triage priorities based on resource depletion (Phone)
o
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Responsible Controller: Controller(s)
11:36: Provide false information about casualty severity (Written)
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Responsible Controller: Facilitator
Inject Method of delivery and Criteria used
1. Increase traffic congestion around the accident site (Inject #1)
o
Method of Delivery: Written
o
Criteria for Use: This inject aims to test the ability of the paramedics to adapt to
increased traffic conditions, which could hinder their response time and efficiency
in reaching the accident site. It simulates a realistic scenario where external
factors impact emergency response operations.
2. Additional injured victims reported on the scene (Inject #2)
[Full-Scale Exercise]
o
Method of Delivery: Radio
o
Criteria for Use: This inject aims to test the incident commander’s capability to
manage an unexpected increase in casualties. It evaluates the implementation of
triage procedures to handle the additional victims effectively.
3. Decrease in available medical supplies at the scene (Inject #3)
o
Method of Delivery: In person
o
Criteria for Use: This inject aims to assess the decision-making skills of the
medical team under pressure due to limited resources. It challenges them to
prioritize and allocate medical supplies efficiently to meet the needs of the
injured.
4. Adverse weather conditions impede transport operations (Inject #4)
o
Method of Delivery: Fax
o
Criteria for Use: This inject tests the ability of the transport team to adapt and
coordinate their operations in response to adverse weather conditions. It evaluates
their strategies for ensuring patients’ timely and safe transportation despite
weather-related challenges.
5. Reassess triage priorities based on resource depletion (Inject #5)
o
Method of Delivery: Phone
o
Criteria for Use: This inject is used to evaluate the decision-making process of the
medical team when facing resource scarcity. It assesses their ability to adjust
triage priorities effectively, considering the available resources and the severity of
patients’ conditions.
6. Provide false information about casualty severity (Inject #6)
[Full-Scale Exercise]
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Method of Delivery: Written
o
Criteria for Use: This inject aims to test the response accuracy and adaptability of
the medical team in handling misinformation. It evaluates their ability to verify
information and make informed decisions despite potential false reports regarding
casualty severity.
[Full-Scale Exercise]
Week 5 Assignment
Exercise Evaluation Guide
Exercise Name: Full-Scale Exercise
Exercise Date: [03-28-2024]
Jurisdiction/Organization: Saudi Red Crescent Authority
Venue: Riyadh Exit 8
Response
Exercise Objective: The exercise is directed towards assessing, improving, and learning coordination,
communication, and response efficacy from paramedics and other relevant agencies in the case of
mass casualties in Riyadh so that proper medical care can reach the injured in good time.
Core Capability: Public Health, Healthcare, and Emergency Medical Services
Provide lifesaving medical treatment via Emergency Medical Services and related operations. Avoid
additional disease and injury by providing targeted public health, medical, and behavioral health
support and products to all affected populations.
Organizational Capability Target 1: Ensure rapid medical resources and personnel deployment to mass
casualty incidents.
Critical Task: Activate incident command and initiate triage procedures within 15 minutes of the
simulated incident.
Critical Task: Deploy medical resources and personnel to the scene within 30 minutes of the incident
notification.
Critical Task: Establish communication channels with relevant agencies and stakeholders within 20
minutes of the incident.
Critical Task: Conduct initial scene assessment and hazard mitigation within 25 minutes of
deployment.
Source(s): Riyadh Emergency Response Plan, Saudi Red Crescent Authority Standard Operating
Procedures.
Organizational Capability Target 2: Conduct effective triage and prioritize treatment based on severity.
Critical Task: Conduct triage and prioritize treatment within 45 minutes of the incident
Critical Task: Continuously reassess and update triage categories and treatment priorities every 15
minutes during the incident response.
Critical Task: Coordinate with hospitals and medical facilities to anticipate and prepare for patient
arrivals based on triage categories and treatment priorities.
Critical Task: Ensure adequate medical documentation and record-keeping for all patients treated
during the incident.
Source(s): Riyadh Mass Casualty Incident Management Guidelines, Saudi Red Crescent Authority
Training Manuals.
[Full-Scale Exercise]
Response
Organizational Capability Target 3: Ensure seamless coordination with other emergency response
agencies and hospitals for efficient patient transport.
Critical Task: Coordinate with other emergency response agencies and hospitals for efficient patient
transport within 60 minutes of the incident.
Critical Task: Conduct regular communication updates every 15 minutes to ensure ongoing
coordination and address emerging challenges during patient transport operations.
Critical Task: Conduct debriefing sessions with involved agencies and hospitals within 24 hours of the
incident to identify lessons learned and areas for improvement in patient transport coordination.
Critical Task: Monitor and manage patient flow at receiving hospitals to prevent overcrowding and
ensure timely access to medical care for all patients.
Source(s): Riyadh Emergency Response Coordination Protocol, Riyadh Hospital Transfer Agreement
[Full-Scale Exercise]
Organizational
Capability Target
Associated Critical Tasks
Critical Task: Activate incident
command and initiate triage
procedures within 15 minutes of
the simulated incident.
Critical Task: Deploy medical
resources and personnel to the
scene within 30 minutes of the
incident notification.
Ensure rapid
Critical Task: Establish
deployment of medical communication channels with
resources and
relevant agencies and
personnel to mass
stakeholders within 20 minutes of
casualty incidents.
the incident.
Critical Task: Conduct initial
scene assessment and hazard
mitigation within 25 minutes of
deployment.
Source(s): Riyadh Emergency
Response Plan, Saudi Red
Crescent Authority Standard
Operating Procedures.
Observation Notes and Explanation of Rating
Target
Rating
The Saudi Red Crescent Authority showed excellent readiness
and responsiveness throughout the exercise. The performance
of the Saudi Red Crescent Authority is rated as Excellent. The
Excellent
prompt activation of incident command and triage initiation
showed strong readiness and protocol adherence.
[Full-Scale Exercise]
Organizational
Capability Target
Associated Critical Tasks
Observation Notes and Explanation of Rating
Target
Rating
Conduct effective
triage and prioritize
treatment based on
severity.
Critical Task: Conduct triage and
prioritize treatment within 45
minutes of the incident
Critical Task: Continuously
reassess and update triage
categories and treatment
priorities every 15 minutes during
the incident response.
Critical Task: Coordinate with
hospitals and medical facilities to
anticipate and prepare for patient
arrivals based on triage
categories and treatment
priorities.
Critical Task: Ensure adequate
medical documentation and
record-keeping for all patients
treated during the incident.
Source(s): Riyadh Mass Casualty
Incident Management Guidelines,
Saudi Red Crescent Authority
Training Manuals.
Effective triage is premised on the best approach to prioritizing
resources in MCIs and effective mass casualty incidences.
Continuous reassessment every 15 minutes optimizes the
treatment prioritization as conditions change. Coordination with
hospitals makes patients stream in more timely. There are
crucial tasks in a round-robin approach to triage and treatment
prioritization during mass casualty incidents; continuous
reassessment and coordination with medical facilities reflect a
proactive response strategy.
Excellent
[Full-Scale Exercise]
Organizational
Capability Target
Associated Critical Tasks
Ensure seamless
coordination with
other emergency
response agencies
and hospitals for
efficient patient
transport.
Critical Task: Coordinate with
other emergency response
agencies and hospitals for
efficient patient transport within
60 minutes of the incident.
Critical Task: Conduct regular
communication updates every 15
minutes to ensure ongoing
coordination and address
emerging challenges during
patient transport operations.
Critical Task: Conduct debriefing
sessions with involved agencies
and hospitals within 24 hours of
the incident to identify lessons
learned and areas for
improvement in patient transport
coordination.
Critical Task: Monitor and
manage patient flow at receiving
hospitals to prevent overcrowding
and ensure timely access to
medical care for all patients.
Source(s): Riyadh Emergency
Response Coordination
Protocol, Riyadh Hospital
Transfer Agreement
Observation Notes and Explanation of Rating
Efficient patient evacuation during incidents relies on seamless
coordination between emergency response organizations and
hospitals. It is helpful to receive communication updates every
fifteen minutes to make adjustments in real-time and deal with
new problems as they arise. A culture of continuous
improvement can be nurtured by discussing what happened,
what was learned, and how patient transport coordination may
be improved within 24 hours after an occurrence. Timely
communication, post-incident analysis, and proactive patient
flow management are the pillars upon which the essential
responsibilities show a thorough method of coordinating patient
transport.
Target
Rating
Excellent
Final Core Capability Rating: [Excellent]
Evaluator Information
Evaluator Name: [Fahad AHR]
Evaluator Email: [email protected]
Evaluator Phone: [020000456]
[Full-Scale Exercise]
Rating Key
P: Performed without challenges
S: Performed with some challenges
M: Performed with significant challenges
U: Unable to be performed
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Ratings Definitions
Performed without
Challenges (P)
The targets and critical tasks associated with the core capability were
completed in a manner that achieved the objective(s) and did not
negatively impact the performance of other activities. The performance
of this activity did not contribute to additional health and safety risks
for the public or emergency workers, and it was conducted per
applicable plans, policies, procedures, regulations, and laws.
Performed with Some
Challenges (S)
The targets and critical tasks associated with the core capability were
completed in a manner that achieved the objective(s) and did not
negatively impact the performance of other activities. The performance
of this activity did not contribute to additional health and safety risks
for the public or emergency workers, and applicable plans, policies,
procedures, regulations, and laws were conducted. However,
opportunities to enhance effectiveness and efficiency were identified.
Performed with Major
Challenges (M)
The targets and critical tasks associated with the core capability were
completed in a manner that achieved the objective(s), but some or all
of the following were observed: demonstrated performance had a
negative impact on the performance of other activities; contributed to
additional health and safety risks for the public or for emergency
workers; and was not conducted by applicable plans, policies,
procedures, regulations, and laws.
Unable to be
Performed (U)
The targets and critical tasks associated with the core capability were
not performed in a manner that achieved the objective(s).
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Week 6 Assignment
After Action Report
Executive Summary:
The whole scenario exercise (FSE) involving a bus rollover accident was a simulation exercise within the
assessment of the Paramedics of the Saudi Red Crescent Authority carrying out their response to mass casualty
incidents (MCIs) in Riyadh. This report frames the outcomes from the exercise into capabilities shown and
those that need improvement.
Executive Overview:
The FSE assessed paramedic readiness and ability to coordinate, communicate, and respond between each other
and other concerned agencies in an MCI. It tested some features related to establishing incident command,
triage procedures, and resource deployment. It tested coordination on patient transport, how patient transport
coordination occurs, communication systems, and post-incident debriefing.
Exercise Purpose(s) and Objectives:
Objectives were based on the overall aim of testing, developing, and training coordination, communication, and
effectiveness of responses to mass casualties. There were SMART objectives: to establish incident command in
15 minutes, to deploy resources in 30 minutes, to conduct triage in 45 minutes, to coordinate patient transport in
60 minutes, to test communication systems, and to debrief post-incident in 24 hours.
Analysis of Capabilities Displayed:
Demonstrated capabilities included timely incident command establishment, resource management, triage, and
coordination with other agencies for patient transport. It has shown tested interoperable and reliable
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communication systems. However, room for improvement was noted in communication protocols, resource
allocation, and post-incident debriefing.
Conclusion:
Although the FSE identified critical strengths in initial response coordination and resource deployment, it also
highlighted areas needing development—chiefly communication protocols and post-incident debriefing. In its
totality, this exercise has given great insight into how to better respond to an MCI in Riyadh.
Plan of Improvement:
There would be recommendations to amend the communication protocols, increase strategies on resource
allocation, and make the debriefing more organized and frequent. The training of effective communication and
collaboration between the response agencies would be boosted to improve response efficacy in future incidents.
Student name: Fahad Naif Alotaibi